The role of cyber expertise and other types of examinations in solving cybercrime cases

Abstract

The accelerated digitalization of social, economic, and institutional systems has significantly transformed the nature of criminal activity, giving rise to increasingly complex forms of cybercrime. Traditional computer-technical forensic examinations no longer fully respond to the multidimensional structure of contemporary digital offenses. Objective: To analyze the current limitations of conventional digital forensic practices and to propose a restructured and expanded typology of specialized cyber expertise for the effective investigation of cybercrime. Methodology: Normative, descriptive, and comparative legal-technical analysis was conducted using regulatory frameworks, institutional practices, and international experiences in digital forensics and telecommunications expertise. Results: The study identifies substantial gaps in the existing computer-technical examination model and proposes a comprehensive classification of cyber expertise, including telecommunications network and infrastructure expertise, information systems and data analysis, software and application expertise, cryptographic expertise, communication coverage and quality analysis, and cyber forensic auditing. Conclusions: Cybercrime investigation requires a systemic forensic model grounded in the technical realities of digital ecosystems. The reliability of digital evidence, network integrity, and cryptographic validation must be legally and technically reinforced through updated regulatory frameworks and specialized forensic training.